Vocabulary
There are Albanian words which have cognates (of non-Latin origin)
in Romanian and there is a theory that the
Dacian language, spoken by the Dacians
before the Romanization was a language related to proto-Albanian.
The Illyrian Vocabulary is very small and is mainly of peoples names
and places. A great deal of this name have a meaning in modern
Albanian:
ylis - ylli - Star
Bardylis - White Star
Thetis (godess of the sea)- Deti - Sea
Emathia - e madhia - big, Great
Malion - Mali - Mountain
Dhea ( Gea equivalent) - Dheu - Ground, Earth, (Mother Earth)
Di, Diti - Dita - Day
The earliest accepted documentation in the Albanian language is from
the 15th century AD, even though recently claims have been made for
documents dating late 12th to have been found, one in the Vatican
Library and another one in the Athos Monastry in Greece. Church
documents in Latin have passages mentioning "la Lingua Albanesca" in
the 12th century as well. This is a time when Albanian
Principalities start to be mentioned and expand inside and outside
the Byzantine Empire. It is assumed that Greek
and Balkan Latin (which was the ancestor of
Romanian and other Balkan Romance languages), would exert a great
influence on Albanian. Examples of words borrowed from Latin: qytet
< civitas (city), qiell < caelum (sky), mik < amicus (friend). But
note Illyrian God of friendship was called "Mikon". The Illyrian
Goddes of hunting "Zana", "Thana", or "Dhiana" to be seen in the
Roman deities as "Diana" is always pictured with a goat. Note "Dhiana"
meaning "Lady of the Goats" in Albanian.
After the Slavs arrived in the
Balkans, another source of Albanian vocabulary were the
Slavic languages, especially
Bulgarian. The rise of the Ottoman Empire
meant an influx of Turkish words; this also
entailed the borrowing of Persian and Arabic words through Turkish.
Suprisingly the Persian words seem to be absorbed the most. Some
loanwords from Modern Greek also exist especially in the south of
Albania. A lot of the loaned words have been resubstituted from
Albanian rooted words or modern Latinized (international) words. The
random use of loaned words decreases everyday and is considered as "Villagers
Talk" and is made fun of.
Even though a lot of foreign influences have come and gone the
proper Albanian Language has managed to survive and earn its own
category in the Indo-European tree of languages. The language
structure makes it an old language and whether it is the descendand
of an Illyrian Dialect or not has divided the linguists today.
References
Encyclopædia Britannica, edition 15 (1985). Article:
Albanian language
Huld, Martin E. Basic Albanian Etymologies. Columbus, OH: Slavica
Publishers, 1984.
Martin Camaj, Albanian Grammar, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden
Orel, Vladimir. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian
Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian. Leiden: Brill, 2000.